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1.
Sci Rep ; 13(1): 9264, 2023 06 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-20245092

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to clarify the impact of adverse reactions on immune dynamics. We investigated the pattern of systemic adverse reactions after the second and third coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations and their relationship with immunoglobulin G against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike 1 protein titers, neutralizing antibody levels, peak cellular responses, and the rate of decrease after the third vaccination in a large-scale community-based cohort in Japan. Participants who received a third vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna), had two blood samples, had not had COVID-19, and had information on adverse reactions after the second and third vaccinations (n = 2198) were enrolled. We collected data on sex, age, adverse reactions, comorbidities, and daily medicine using a questionnaire survey. Participants with many systemic adverse reactions after the second and third vaccinations had significantly higher humoral and cellular immunity in the peak phase. Participants with multiple systemic adverse reactions after the third vaccination had small changes in the geometric values of humoral immunity and had the largest geometric mean of cellar immunity in the decay phase. Systemic adverse reactions after the third vaccination helped achieve high peak values and maintain humoral and cellular immunity. This information may help promote uptake of a third vaccination, even among those who hesitate due to adverse reactions.


Subject(s)
BNT162 Vaccine , COVID-19 , Humans , Antibodies, Viral , BNT162 Vaccine/adverse effects , Complementary Therapies , COVID-19/prevention & control , Immunity, Cellular , Immunity, Humoral , Vaccination/adverse effects
2.
Vaccines (Basel) ; 11(5)2023 Apr 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-20243620

ABSTRACT

Booster vaccination reduces the incidence of severe cases and mortality related to COVID-19, with cellular immunity playing an important role. However, little is known about the proportion of the population that has achieved cellular immunity after booster vaccination. Thus, we conducted a Fukushima cohort database and assessed humoral and cellular immunity in 2526 residents and healthcare workers in Fukushima Prefecture in Japan through continuous blood collection every 3 months from September 2021. We identified the proportion of people with induced cellular immunity after booster vaccination using the T-SPOT.COVID test, and analyzed their background characteristics. Among 1089 participants, 64.3% (700/1089) had reactive cellular immunity after booster vaccination. Multivariable analysis revealed the following independent predictors of reactive cellular immunity: age < 40 years (adjusted odds ratio: 1.81; 95% confidence interval: 1.19-2.75; p-value: 0.005) and adverse reactions after vaccination (1.92, 1.19-3.09, 0.007). Notably, despite IgG(S) and neutralizing antibody titers of ≥500 AU/mL, 33.9% (349/1031) and 33.5% (341/1017) of participants, respectively, did not have reactive cellular immunity. In summary, this is the first study to evaluate cellular immunity at the population level after booster vaccination using the T-SPOT.COVID test, albeit with several limitations. Future studies will need to evaluate previously infected subjects and their T-cell subsets.

3.
Eur J Pediatr ; 2022 Oct 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2246601

ABSTRACT

We aimed to investigate the type and frequency of adverse events over 7 days following the first and second BNT162b2 vaccination. This observational and historical cohort study included patients aged 5-11 years who received two doses of BNT162b2 and provided consent along with their guardians. We collected data on sex, age, height, weight, blood type, history of Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination, allergic disease, medication, history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and adverse reactions 7 days following the first and second BNT162b2 vaccination using a questionnaire. Our results were compared with previously reported results for individuals aged 12-15 years. A total of 421 participants were eligible for this study. Among the 216 patients with allergic disease, 48 (22.2%) had experienced worsening of their chronic diseases, and the frequency of fatigue and dizziness after the second dose was higher than that of healthy individuals. The experience of systemic adverse reactions was associated with asthma. The frequency of headache, diarrhea, fatigue, muscle/joint pain, and fever after the second BNT162b2 vaccination was lower in individuals aged 5-11 years than in those aged 12-15 years. Fever was the only systemic adverse reaction that lasted longer than 5 days (1.0% of participants). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with allergic diseases, who are potentially susceptible to COVID-19, may experience worsening of their chronic diseases and more frequent adverse reactions after BNT162b2 vaccination than healthy individuals. To ensure that children with allergic diseases receive the vaccine safely, further information needs to be collected. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Adverse reactions after BNT162b2 vaccination among individuals aged 5-11 years are generally nonserious, more common after second vaccination, and substantially less common compared to those observed among individuals aged 12-15 years. WHAT IS NEW: • Individuals with allergic diseases experienced worsening of their chronic diseases and more frequent adverse reactions after BNT162b2 vaccination than healthy individuals. • Systemic adverse reactions were associated with asthma. Fever was the only systemic adverse reaction that lasted longer than 5 days.

4.
Vaccines (Basel) ; 10(12)2022 Nov 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2123918

ABSTRACT

Measuring long-term antibody titer kinetics and subsequent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations are crucial for identifying vulnerable populations. Our aim was to determine the association between long-term antibody kinetics, including peak titers and factors, up to seven months post-second vaccination. A three-time antibody survey was conducted in 2021 among healthcare workers in Japan to investigate the changes in humoral immunity using chemiluminescence immunoassay. The study involved 205 participants who had received the second vaccine dose, completed the three-time survey, and were not infected with SARS-CoV-2. A latent growth curve model was used to identify factors affecting the peak titer and decreasing the antibody slope. Of the eligible participants, the mean titers of immunoglobulin G (IgG) against the spike (S) protein and the neutralizing activity 7 months after the second vaccination decreased to 154.3 (8.8% of the peak titer) and 62.1 AU/mL (9.5% of the peak titer), respectively. The IgG growth model showed that age significantly affected peak titers (p < 0.001); however, a significant difference was not found for the decreasing slope. Ultimately, aging adults had significantly low peak antibody titers; however, age was unrelated to the slope of log-transformed IgG against the S protein.

5.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 18929, 2022 Nov 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2106455

ABSTRACT

To reveal waning humoral immunity after second dose BNT162b2 vaccinations in a rural Japanese community and determine factors affecting antibody titers. We aimed to report Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein levels and neutralizing activity in a large scale community based cohort. METHODS: Participants in the observational cross-sectional study received a second dose of vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and were not previously infected with COVID-19. Questionnaire-collected data on sex, age, adverse vaccine reactions, and medical history was obtained. RESULTS: Data from 2496 participants revealed that older age groups reached a low antibody titer 90-120 days after the second vaccination. Neutralizing activity decreased with age; 35 (13.3%) of those aged ≥ 80 years had neutralizing activity under the cut-off value. Neutralizing activity > 179 days from the second vaccination was 11.6% compared to that at < 60 days from the second vaccination. Significantly lower IgG antibody titers and neutralizing activity were associated with age, male sex, increased time from second vaccination, smoking, steroids, immunosuppression, and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Antibody titer decreased substantially over time. Susceptible populations, older people, men, smokers, steroid users, immunosuppression users, and people with three or more comorbidities may require a special protection strategy.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Vaccines , Male , Humans , Aged , Immunity, Humoral , Cross-Sectional Studies , BNT162 Vaccine , Antibodies, Viral , Japan , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/prevention & control , Vaccination , Surveys and Questionnaires , Antibodies, Neutralizing
6.
PLoS One ; 17(6): e0269917, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2021809

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the increase in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S1) protein and neutralizing antibody titer following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. This observational study was conducted among healthcare workers working for a private hospital group in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Two blood samples were obtained from each participant. The first sample was obtained before the first dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine, and a second sample was obtained approximately 6 weeks later. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein, immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody against SARS-CoV-2 N-protein, and neutralizing activity were measured using the chemiluminescent immunoassay with iFlash 3000. A total of 231 healthcare workers who agreed to participate, and were negative for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibodies at enrollment, were included in the analysis. All participants had elevated IgG antibodies and neutralizing activity above the cutoff values. A total of 174 (75.3%) and 208 (90.0%) participants experienced adverse reactions after the first and second vaccine doses, respectively. Younger age, female sex, not taking immunosuppressive or antipyretic analgesic medication regularly, a lack of local adverse reactions after the first dose, and the presence of adverse reactions (fever, muscle, and joint pain) after the second dose were associated with higher IgG antibody titers and neutralizing activity. Intake of analgesic antipyretic for adverse reactions to vaccines was not significantly associated with antibody and neutralizing activity titer production. Immune responses after vaccination may differ among individuals, and continued countermeasures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection are vital.


Subject(s)
Antipyretics , COVID-19 , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Antibodies, Viral , BNT162 Vaccine , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , Female , Health Personnel , Humans , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulin M , SARS-CoV-2 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus , Vaccination
7.
Fukushima J Med Sci ; 68(1): 67-70, 2022 Apr 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1975228

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the immune response and outcome of BNT162b2 vaccination among 12 staff at a hospital in Fukushima, Japan. Blood samples were collected from participants before their first vaccination, with subsequent sampling performed during the participants' work days for six weeks thereafter. Antibody titers peaked 6-13 days after the second vaccination (days 27-34 after the first), followed by a steady decrease. Six males had significantly lower peak antibody titers than six females (p = 0.016 with t-test); the older six (median age 53 years) had lower antibody titers than the younger six (median age 35 years) but without statistical significance (p value=0.24 with t-test).


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral , BNT162 Vaccine , COVID-19 , Immunoglobulin G , SARS-CoV-2 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus , Adult , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , BNT162 Vaccine/administration & dosage , BNT162 Vaccine/immunology , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage , COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Male , Middle Aged , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
9.
Vaccines (Basel) ; 10(4)2022 Mar 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1822461

ABSTRACT

This was a retrospective cohort study, which aimed to investigate the factors associated with hesitancy to receive a third dose of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine. A paper-based questionnaire survey was administered to all participants. This study included participants who provided answers in the questionnaire about whether they had an intent to receive a third dose of a vaccine. Data on sex, age, area of residence, adverse reactions after the second vaccination, whether the third vaccination was desired, and reasons to accept or hesitate over the booster vaccination were retrieved. Among the 2439 participants, with a mean (±SD) age of 52.6 ± 18.9 years, and a median IgG-S antibody titer of 324.9 (AU/mL), 97.9% of participants indicated their intent to accept a third vaccination dose. The logistic regression revealed that participants of a younger age (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96-1.00) and with a higher antibody level (OR = 2.52; 95% CI: 1.27-4.99) were positively associated with hesitancy over the third vaccine. The efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine and concerns about adverse reactions had a significant impact on behavior regarding the third vaccination. A rapid increase in the booster dose rate is needed to control the pandemic, and specific approaches should be taken with these groups that are likely to hesitate over the third vaccine, subsequently increasing booster contact rate.

10.
Microb Risk Anal ; 19: 100162, 2021 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1525906

ABSTRACT

The 2020 Olympic/Paralympic Games have been postponed to 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a model that integrated source-environment-receptor pathways to evaluate how preventive efforts can reduce the infection risk among spectators at the opening ceremony of Tokyo Olympic Games. We simulated viral loads of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emitted from infectors through talking/coughing/sneezing and modeled temporal environmental behaviors, including virus inactivation and transfer. We performed Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the expected number of newly infected individuals with and without preventive measures, yielding the crude probability of a spectator being an infector among the 60,000 people expected to attend the opening ceremony. Two indicators, i.e., the expected number of newly infected individuals and the newly infected individuals per infector entry, were proposed to demonstrate the extent of achievable infection risk reduction levels by implementing possible preventive measures. A no-prevention scenario produced 1.5-1.7 newly infected individuals per infector entry, whereas a combination of cooperative preventive measures by organizers and the spectators achieved a 99% risk reduction, corresponding to 0.009-0.012 newly infected individuals per infector entry. The expected number of newly infected individuals was calculated as 0.005 for the combination of cooperative preventive scenarios with the crude probability of a spectator being an infector of 1 × 10-5. Based on our estimates, a combination of cooperative preventions between organizers and spectators is required to prevent a viral spread at the Tokyo Olympic/Paralympic Games. Further, under the assumption that society accepts < 10 newly infected persons traced to events held during the entire Olympic/Paralympic Games, we propose a crude probability of infectors of < 5 × 10-5 as a benchmark for the suppression of the infection. This is the first study to develop a model that can assess the infection risk among spectators due to exposure pathways at a mass gathering event.

11.
Int Immunopharmacol ; 98: 107884, 2021 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1267707

ABSTRACT

Performing a cohort-based SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay is crucial for understanding infection status and future decision-making. The objective of this study was to examine consecutive antibody seroprevalence changes among hospital staff, a high-risk population. A two-time survey was performed in May and October 2020 for 545 hospital staff to investigate the changes in the results of the rapid kit test and chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). The seroprevalence of each assay was summarized at both the survey periods. The proportion of seropositive individuals in the CLIA for each survey period and the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Central Fukushima were then compared. We chose 515 participants for the analysis. The proportion of IgM seroprevalence in CLIA increased from 0.19% in May to 0.39% in October, and IgG seroprevalence decreased from 0.97% in May to 0.39% in October. The proportion of IgM seroprevalence in the rapid kit test decreased from 7.96% in May to 3.50% in October, and IgG seroprevalence decreased from 7.77% in May to 2.14% in October. The IgG and IgM antibody seroprevalence among hospital staff in rural Central Fukushima decreased; the seroprevalence among hospital staff was consistent with the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the Central Fukushima area. Although it is difficult to interpret the results of the antibody assay in a population with a low prior probability, constant follow-up surveys of antibody titers among hospital staff had several merits in obtaining a set of criteria regarding the accuracy of measures against COVID-19 and estimating the COVID-19 infection status among hospital staff.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antigens, Viral/immunology , COVID-19/epidemiology , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Personnel, Hospital , Rural Health , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/immunology , COVID-19/virology , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Population Surveillance , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Time Factors
12.
Clin Case Rep ; 9(5): e04122, 2021 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1233178

ABSTRACT

This study suggests the importance of instituting accompanying measures to prevent potential negative mental and social impacts on people receiving false-positive results.

14.
Int Immunopharmacol ; 92: 107360, 2021 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1002654

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the differences between the results of two serology assays for detection of COVID-19 among medical staff, who are at higher risks of infection. METHODS: The immunochromatography (ICG) rapid test kit and the chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) quantitative antibody test were performed. The differences in IgM and IgG antibody prevalence in different serological assays were descriptively analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 637 participants were included in this research. Two staff were IgM positive in the CLIA quantitative antibody test (cutoff value: 10 AU/ml) of 51 staff who were IgM positive in the rapid test kit. Six staff were IgG positive in the CLIA quantitative antibody test of 56 staff who were IgG positive in the rapid test kit. The proportion of antibody positive staff differed greatly between the rapid test kit and the CLIA quantitative antibody test. CONCLUSIONS: There was a vast difference in the proportions of IgG and IgM antibody positive staff in the rapid test kit and the CLIA quantitative antibody test results. The results from the only rapid test kit might have to be interpreted with caution. Further studies to evaluate antibody testing accuracy are required to promote the understanding of each assay's characteristics and determine their purposes in each community.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/blood , Health Personnel , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin M/blood , SARS-CoV-2 , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , COVID-19/immunology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Serologic Tests , Young Adult
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